Which analysis treats gender as a discourse created through cultural and historical context?

• A. Van Zoonen: Gender as Discourse
• B. Mulvey: Male Gaze
• C. Gauntlett: Fluid Identity
• D. Bell Hooks: Intersectionality

Answer: (A)

Gender as a discourse created through cultural and historical context is about seeing gender not as a fixed essence, but as meanings that are produced, circulated, and negotiated within a society’s practices, language, and representations. Van Zoonen argues that media texts reflect and reinforce the norms of a particular time and place, and those norms shape what counts as masculine or feminine. Because these norms shift across different eras and cultures, gender itself is understood as something constructed through dialogue and discourse, not a static category.

This is why this analysis is the best fit: it explicitly treats gender as something produced by cultural and historical context, embedded in how media talks about and represents people. Mulvey’s idea centers on how cinema teaches the male gaze and objectifies women, focusing on viewer position and cinematic technique. Gauntlett emphasizes how people can compose and perform identities across media, highlighting flexibility rather than the historical discursive construction of gender itself. Bell Hooks’ intersectionality explores how gender intersects with race, class, and other axes, which is crucial for understanding lived experience, but it doesn’t single out gender as a discourse shaped primarily by cultural and historical context in the way Van Zoonen does.